The Presentation Of Relationships In Poems Essay Example for Free

The Presentation Of Relationships In Poems Essay Compare a selection of poems you have enjoyed studying, explaining what interests you about the presentation of relationships. Poets often write about things they have strong emotions for, such as points of view and key moments in their ,or others, lives. One of the main things written about is relationships. Be it the relationship between the poet and a family member or relationships between objects and memories. Relationships and emotions are a complex thing to right about, because there is such a wide range. However everyone has had the experience of a relationship but some express there feelings in more complex way. Looking at Youre and Daddy by Sylvia Plath and Twelve Songs-number nine by W.H.Auden. You can clearly see there views on different relationships. There are many different types of relationships, as shown in the three poems I have choose to look at. In Youre Plath is writing about her unborn baby. At first it is very hard to understand because Plath does not write simply that she is pregnant instead she uses different phrases and metaphors, for instance my little loaf. When a women is pregnant the baby is sometimes referred to as a bun in the oven, so by saying loaf it shows that Plath is stating that she is pregnant. In addition, it is a symbolisation of a baby in the mothers womb, as a bun in the oven. By saying my little Plath is showing that the baby belongs to her and when you think of something little it is thought of as unable to look after itself as a baby is. To also show that she is pregnant Plath says feet to the stars this is because e when a baby is inside its mother it is upside down, therefore its feet would be to the stars, by picking the stars as were the babies feet are facing it shows that the baby can achieve anything, Plath could have chosen something like the sky which is close but she choose the stars because there so fare away and are hard to reach. She also shows that the baby has its whole life ahead of it, using the words clean slate, with your own face on it show that it is the baby and its life not hers. However in Audens poem Twelve Songs the relationship is stated more clearly. It is easier to understand because it uses all things associated with death Bring out the coffin, let the mourners come. this shows very simply that an important person in Audens life is now dead and by saying mourners it shows there is a lot of sadness. If the reader did not yet understand what the poem was bout, when Auden states He Is Dead it is made very clear. The relationship written about in this poem is the one between himself and his dead partner. It is showing that now his partner has died nothing matters, which is why the poem is written so simply. It seems that he just cannot be bothered anymore, he is mourning an upset and does not see the point of using long and complicated words and sentences to get his sadness across. The last poem is another one by Plath, Daddy. This poem is very different to Youre in this poem Plath is angry, resentful and also in a state of mourning. However it is not the same kind of mourning as Auden talks about. Plath is angry and blames her father for not only dying but also for how her life has turned out. Black shoe, In which I have lived like a foot, For thirty years Plath is saying that she has lived a confined and desolate life because of her fathers death, and she blames him for dying. However Plath does not show the slightest trace that she is unhappy and missing her father because at any given opportunity Plath abuses her father, for example she refers to herself as a Jew and her father a Nazi, showing how different they were and it makes the reader believe that Plaths father was a cruel man, as this is how Nazis are stereotyped. Also at the end of the poem she writes Daddy, daddy you bastard Im through by using such a strong word such as bastard it shows juts how much she resents him and how strongly she hates him. In Daddy Plath uses many colours. These colours show Plaths feelings, for instance Black shoe, In which I have lived, For thirty years poor and white she is saying her father is a black shoe, black is associated with evil, depression and plainly sad things. Also by referring to herself as white she is showing the difference between herself and her father using contrasting colours and perhaps is showing the difference between him being evil and her being good. There is a trend set In Daddy in which everyone Plath did not like is made black, her husband is referred to as The Black Man which is showing him to be just as nasty as her father. However in Twelve Songs black is representing depression not anger, black cotton gloves Auden is using black as a symbol for mourning, as well he is saying that now the person has died there is no colour or light and all thats left is darkness and despair. The poems both have different uses for the same colour, not just black but white as well. Poor and White is used in Plaths Daddy so that she can show that she is different from her father by using strong, bold, contrasting colours. But in Twelve Songs white necks of the public doves white is used to show the light and normality of the situation, not to make sure that Auden is not compared with his dead partner. There are more colour used in Daddy showing a wide range of emotions that her father has nothing to do with. Also anything associated with her father or husband use violent, drastic colours. When she first mentions her husband she says The Black man who, Bit my pretty red heart in two she is using the colour black again but is using another colour, red, to show blood and un-happiness. The techniques used in writing poems are all different, Auden writes in a mature style and makes it very easy to understand he is upset and doesnt want to make it hard to understand. He wants everyone to know what hes feeling and how upset he is, he refers to his partner as He was my North, my South, my East and West Auden is saying that his partner was everything, he is referring to every direction to show his partner was always there. Auden also says My Noon, my Midnight, my Talk, my Song this is also showing that his partner meant everything to him. Plath however writes differently in Youre, she uses short sentences and lots of complicated similes and metaphors. She writes like this because she is so happy and excited about having a child that she cant think straight and just wants to get her feelings out, that is why it doesnt make perfect sense. Also I think the complexity of the poem reflects the complexity of her emotions at the time. Plath uses metaphor after metaphor where as Auden and in Daddy each paragraph is written about a specific point. Daddy is written most complex of all of the three poems, Plath appears to be writing as if she is still a ten year old child (the age she was when her father died), she uses childish words such as daddy and she writes like a child would speak Ich, Ich, ich, ich this means I,I,I,I. It shows that she is stuttering and having trouble saying her words like a child does. She is also stereotyping her father I thought every German was you which is childish because adults know her father was not every German but to her he was because of a childlike thought. This also explains why she writes ich. However it appears that Plath is not trying to make the reader feel sorry for her, by describing her father as a Nazi; you automatically think he is a bad person by describing herself as a Jew it seems she wants sympathy, which could mean she is manipulating the situation. The poems all have intentions behind the presentation of the poem. In Twelve Songs Auden just wants to express his grief, but in both of Plaths the poem does not easily show what is wanted to express. For instance in Youre it appears to be a page of metaphors but the actual meaning is how Plath is feeling about having a baby, this is not obvious in the poem and you have to read it a few times to truly understand the meaning. In Daddy the intention is hard to find and there are quite a few different interpretations, at first it appears that Plath is angry at her father and just puts on a brave front to stop her from hurting so much. Plaths poems seem to be really confusing and hard to understand but why? In Youre I think that Plath wrote down what she was feeling and to her what she wrote made perfect sense and didnt have a complicated feel to it. But Daddy seems to be made quite hard so that the reader has to read it a few times to understand it. Also it seems biased and plays Plath as a victim. Plath wrote Daddy as if she was a ten year old child, because the poem is written like a child it makes the readers feel sympathy towards Plath. Because its written like a child it means that it is hard for adults to understand it, to a child the colours and the description make sense, but to an adult its confusing because they change it so it has the meaning they want it to. To a child this poem could be nothing else but a poem about how Plath remembers her father but to us its about how his death affected her and the choices she made in life.

Advertising Ethics :: Article Reviews Essays

Advertising Ethics Dittrich, Liz Ph.D. â€Å"About-face Facts on the Media†. About Face. 1996-2004. This article talks about how advertising promotes the cultures current for body shape and site and the importance of beauty. It talks about women’s magazines and how they include so many adds for weight loss and how many girls own Barbie dolls. The piece also talks about how all of these adds effect people and to what extent they effect people. The author of this piece is the director of Research and Outreach for About- Face and has a doctorate in Clinical Psychology. Based on those facts alone I feel that this piece is very credible and contains truthful information. Limitations of this piece include only having one side and not pertaining specifically to ethics in advertising. I will be able to utilize this piece mostly because it contains a lot of statistics and good information to help me in the angle I am going to take on how ethics in advertising affect women. This piece is very different from all of my sources because it does not pertain quite so directly to the topic I am writing on. (190) Heller, Lleland Dr. â€Å"Advertising, Children, and Ethics.† Professional Articles. 1990 http://www.drheller.com/april01.html This article talks about psychologists helping advertising companies to help the create effective advertisements that target children. The article asks if this is ethical. Psychologists also help these companies create educational toy advertisements, anti-drug advertisements, â€Å"don’t drink and drive† advertisements, etc. So the article asks if you can really separate out all of the situations and make a statement that includes all of them. The main issue the article talks about is that people feel as though psychologists own that information and can use it as they please but that that is not the case at all. The article says that ultimately parents should be trained and able to say no because after all it is there responsibility. This piece is written by a doctor who seems to be well-know and who has treated a lot of patients. Dr. Leland Heller is the author of 2 books, specializes in treating the borderline personality disorder and has treated over 3000 peo ple with this disorder. The intended audience of this piece is people who are accusing psychologist of using there knowledge unethically by giving it to advertisement companies and others who may be interested in the topic.

How Effective is “The F Word”?

When having a baby one of the most difficult parts of the process is deciding on a name for the little one. Parents want to be careful in choosing, no one wants there child picked on or treated unfairly because of a name they have chosen. In the article â€Å"The F Word† the author, Firoozeh Dumas expresses her thoughts and feelings about coming from Abadan, Iran to America with her native name. She explains how her name that has much meaning in her country was nothing but a hindrance for her trying to get established in this country.In the â€Å"F Word† the author uses contrast between names in America and names in her home land to show the effectiveness of this article. â€Å"How could our parents have ever imagined that someday we would end up in a country were monosyllabic names reign supreme, a land where â€Å"William† is shorten to â€Å"Bill†, where â€Å"Susan† becomes â€Å"Sue†, and â€Å"Richard† somehow evolves into †Å"Dick† ( Dumas751). Here the author uses logos to make the reader think, why is it that we call â€Å"William† by the short name of â€Å"Bill†? It’s a logical question, the audience may want to know the answer to.It makes one wonder, do the names in this country have any meaning or are we just trying to make things as simple as possible. If simple is what we, as Americans are after, is that why we don’t like to pick acentric names for our children? In terms of ethos, the author effectively tells how she researched her idea by adopting a new simpler name â€Å"Julie†. â€Å"People actually remembered my name, which was an entirely refreshing new sensation. All was well until the Iranian Revolution, when I found myself with a new set of problems.Because I spoke English without an accent and was known as Julie, people assumed I was American . This meant that was often privy to those real feelings about those, damn Iranians† (Dumas 753). The authors says later she went back to using her native name because she felt like a fake. Eventually, Firoozeh went back to the name Julie after college when she could not obtain a job. This is where the author begins to use emotional appeal to her argument. Dumas says, â€Å"Once I changed my name on my resume call it coincidence, but the job offers started coming in.Perhaps it’s the same kind of coincidence that stops an African American from getting a cab in New York† (Dumas 753). That’s very strong statement on the authors part because most people associate African Americans not being able to hale a cab as a racial issue. That is an issue that would make a lot of people upset and generates plenty of emotion, thus this is a very effective use of pathos. This article was written for an audience of Americans. In the author’s argument it was her name that really caused her a problem when she came to America.She did a good job of adding the pathos, etho s, and logos in her article to draw the audience in to how life was for her in a new country with such a unique name. The article also tells the audience how something as simple as a name could be viewed as a form of racism. Americans’ should show enough respect and courtesy to try and understand ones heritage. Everyone knows at least one person who has been discriminated against. The author now uses her native name and is comfortable in doing so.

Human Development Is A Product Of Conditioning, Learning...

Human Development is a product of conditioning, learning and reinforcement. When we think of human development, it s easy to think of it as a process that is largely complete once we hit early adulthood. It is important to realize, however, that development is an ongoing process that continues all throughout life. As you enter adulthood, navigate middle age and face the on-set of old age, having a greater understanding of how people continue to grow and change as they get older can help you appreciate and manage all the stages of your life. I will understand that I grow and change as I grow older and can help me appreciate and manage all my stages in life. And I will gain a better appreciation of development throughout life. They can help us find sources of behavior and trends, and account for the path that individuals follow, whether these can be called paths of growth or lack of progress. All theories have something valuable to help in our understanding of human development. As a student, Human development helps me understand myself better. Learning more about Human Development can provide additional insight in the person I have become. Studying Human Development can provide me with the necessary tools to help guide me and understand life better. Studying human development as a student will help me to be able to differentiate something normal from the abnormal. Understanding these two different phenomenon’s will help me figure out what is wrong from right. I can alsoShow MoreRelatedChild Developmental Theories Essay1586 Words   |  7 Pagesare helpless tiny humans who depend on adults for every need from love, to feeding them. It is amazing how these tiny babies grow into adults able to make decisions and become self-dependent. There are many theories about how children develop and what roles the environment plays, what people affect their lives and how events can shape their personalities. 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7 Classic Poems for Fathers

Heroin Is A Dangerous Drug - 992 Words

Heroin is known as an opium drug and is injected directly into a person’s view. It is common knowledge that heroin is a dangerous drug. Philip Seymour Hoffman is just one of countless people who have died from using heroin. The articles that came out after Hoffman died of an overdose suggest a rising heroin epidemic. USA Today and Washington Times were just two of several newspapers and other media outlets to report on this epidemic. USA Today reasons that says since there is a tougher crackdown on prescription pills, people are turning to heroin and cheaper, easier-to-come-by drugs. The article even says that as prescription drug abuse declines, heroin use increases. It seems as if making it harder to get one drug forces drug addicts to get their fix elsewhere or else they’d have to quit, which is not an answer to them. When this happens, there may seemingly be an epidemic, but in reality it is just addicts of one drug being redirected elsewhere. 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Viscosity Free Essays

Viscosity of Liquids Part I: Low Viscosities Mona Kanj Harakeh 1 Objectives †¢ To measure and analyze the viscosities of ideal (Toluene/p-Xylene) and nonideal (Methanol/Water) binary solutions and their components. †¢ To determine the Activation Energy to viscous flow. †¢ The effect of temperature change on the viscosity will be studied. We will write a custom essay sample on Viscosity or any similar topic only for you Order Now Method: The viscosities of liquids are determined by measuring the flow time for various liquids in an Ostwald viscometer. 2 Ostwald viscometer 3 Viscosity †¢ The resistance of a liquid to flow is called its viscosity Viscosity is a property of liquids that is important in applications ranging from oil flow in engines to blood flow through arteries and veins. Measuring viscosity †¢ How long a liquid takes to flow out of a pipette under the force of gravity. †¢ How fast an object (steel ball) sinks through the liquid under gravitational force. 4 Molecular properties contributing to viscosity Viscosity arises from the directed motion of molecules past each other, it is a measure of the ease with which molecules move past one another. It is affected by many factors such as: †¢ Molecular size. Molecular shape. †¢ Intermolecular interactions (attractive force between the molecules). †¢ Structure of the liquid itself. †¢ Temperature(Viscosity decreases w ith increasing temperature the increasing kinetic energy overcomes the attractive forces and molecules can more easily move past each other). 5 Viscosity ? The IUPAC symbol of viscosity is the greek symbol eta â€Å"? †. ? Viscosity â€Å"? † of a fluid is its resistance to flow. ? When a Liquid flows, whether through a tube or as the result of pouring from a container. Layers of liquid slide over each other. The force (f) required is directly proportional to the Area (A) and velocity (v) of the layers and inversely proportional to the distance (d) between them. Av Equ. 1 f fd gcms cm ? ? gcm ? 1 s ? 1 ? 1 piose ? 1P Av cm 2 cms ? 2 ?2 d unit of viscosity 6 Viscosity Units The unit of viscosity is the poise named after Poiseuille Jean Louis Marie. It is most commonly expressed in terms of centipoise â€Å"cP†. The centipoise is commonly used because water has a viscosity of 1. 0020 cP at 20oC; the closeness to one is a convenient coincidence. The SI unit of vis cosity is Pascal-second (Pa ·s) = N ·s m–2 or Kg m-1 s-1. †¢ In cgs unit 1 Poise â€Å"P† = 1 g. cm-1. s-1 (dyne . s) 10-2 Poise â€Å"P†= 1 centipoise â€Å"cP† 1 Pa. s = 103 cP 10 P = 1 Kg ·m? 1 ·s? 1 = 1 Pa. s 1 cP = 0. 001 Pa. s = 1 mPa. s †¢ The conversion between the units: 1 P = 0. 1 Pa. s For many liquids at room temperature the viscosity is very small 7 (0. 002-0. 04) therefore (10-2 P), centiP is often used. Ostwald Method †¢ Time for fixed volume V of liquid to fall through a capillary into a reservoir Upper Fiducial mark – Depends on density. – Depends on viscosity. Reference liquid is used. †¢ This type can be used for liquids of viscosity up to 100 poise. Lower Fiducial mark 8 Ostwald Method The rate of flow R (cm3/sec) of a liquid through a cylindrical tube of radius r and length l under a pressure head P is given by the Pousille equation. Equ. 2 Measurement of P, r, t, V, and l permits the calculat ion of the viscosity: Equ. 3 It is easier to measure the viscosity of a liquid by comparing it with another liquid of known viscosity. Since P = ? gh Equ. 4 The viscosity of a solution can be determined relative to a reference liquid (de-ionized H2O). 9 Oswald viscometer The Oswald viscometer is a simple device for comparing the flow times of two liquids of known density. If the viscosity of one liquid is known, the other can be calculated. Ostwald viscometer is used to measure the low viscosities’ liquid. After the reservoir is filled with a liquid, it is pulled by suction above the upper mark. The time required for the liquid to fall from mark 1 to mark 2 is recorded. Then the time required for the same volume of a liquid of known viscosity to flow under identical conditions is recorded, and the viscosity is calculated with Equation ? ? ? k? Equ. 5 ? ? ( r ) ? t ? r tr Where â€Å"r† refers to the viscosity, density and flow time for a reference liquid, usually water. Therefore it is important to do set of measurements of known liquid and at controlled temperature. 10 Fluidity Equ. 6 †¢ The reciprocal of viscosity is fluidity, F ? ? †¢ The concept of fluidity can be used to determine the viscosity of an ide al solution. †¢ One particular advantage for fluidity is that the fluidities of mixed binary solutions of liquids a and b are approximately additive. So if each pure liquid has fluidities Fa and Fb, the fluidity of a mixture is given by: where ? a and ? b is the mole fraction of component a and b respectively, †¢ Fluidity equation is only slightly simpler than the equivalent equation in terms of viscosity  µ = ? : Equ. 8 †¢ where ? a and ? b is the mole fraction of component a and b respectively, and ? a and ? b are the components of pure viscosities. †¢ The viscosity of the mixture is not linear 11 Kendall proposed another approach for expressing the viscosity of a mixture: ln? ? ? A ln? A ? ? B ln? B Equ. 9 Where xA and xB are the mole fractions of component A and B respectively, and ? A and ? B are the components as pure viscosities. The above equation is valid for the Ideal Solutions such as Toluene/p-Xylene in which the interaction energies between the components are the same as those between the pure components. The failure of component fluidities to be additive in the mixed state arises, then, either from the formation of association complexes between the components or from the destruction of such complexes that may be present in the pure components after the pure components are mixed. Under this circumstance the following equations would not be valid: and ln? ? ? A ln? A ? ? B ln? B 12 Temperature Dependence of Viscosity †¢ Over a reasonably wide temperature range, the viscosity of a pure liquid increases exponentially with inverse absolute temperature. †¢ This relation was first expressed quantitatively by Arrhenius E? (1912). ? ? A exp( †¢ Where A is a constant for a given liquid and E? is the activation energy of viscosity. †¢ The transported molecules should overcome the activation energy in order to overcome intermolecular attractive forces. RT ) Equ. 10 †¢ A plot of ln ? against 1/T (Arrhenius plot) should be linear and have a slope equal to E? R. E ln ? ? ln A ? ? Equ. 9 RT 13 Experimental †¢ To measure the viscosity by Ostwald method, A liquid is allowed to flow through a thin-bore tube ( 1 mm) then the flow rate is determined and the physical dimensions for the tube should be known exactly. †¢ Ostwald viscometer should be calibrated with a reference liquid therefore the radius and Length of the viscometer can be known precisely. †¢ Operationally, the experiment is done by measuring the time required for a given volume of liquid to flow through the viscometer capillary. †¢ The driving force is the gravity. Ostwald viscometer is designed to keep the height of the separation of the upper and lower levels of the flowing liquid as constant as possible. 14 Calibration of the Ostwald Viscometer †¢ Ostwald viscometer is calibrated using 10 mL of purified water. The flow rate, density and known viscosity of purified water are used to calculate k. Measurement of viscosity of different solutions †¢ The viscosity of two mixed solutions with different percentages of liquids will be measured using Ostwald method. Chemicals Molar Mass(g/mol) Molecular Formula Methanol 32. 04 CH O Toluene 92. 4 CH A- Toluene/p-xylene p-Xylene 106. 16 CH Water 18. 02 HO B- Methanol/Water †¢ Measure the viscosity for each pure liquid then measure the viscosity 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% percentage s by volume. 4 7 8 8 10 2 15 Procedure: Suspend the viscometer into a large beaker (2-L) of water that is placed on a hot plate, that is as close to 25 ° C as possible. Make sure the viscometer is fully immersed in the water. 1. Pipette 10 ml of de-ionized water of known density into the Ostwald viscometer and allow time for the liquid to equilibrate to the temperature of the bath. Then use a pipette bulb to push or pull the liquid level up above the upper fiducial mark on the viscometer. Allow the water to run back down and start the timer exactly as the meniscus passes the upper mark. Stop the timer just as the meniscus passes the lower mark. Repeat at least twice. Your flow times should agree to within about 0. 4 seconds. 2. Clean and dry the viscometer by running a few milliliters of acetone through it. Drain the acetone and aspirate for about a minute to evaporate all the acetone. 3. Determine the flow times of each of your methanol/water 16 solutions at 25 ° C. Procedure: cont’d . Complete the series by measuring the flow time for pure Methanol. Repeat each at least twice. Your flow times should agree to within about 0. 4 seconds. 5. Clean and dry the viscometer as before. 6. Determine the flow times of each toluene/p-xylene solution as in step 3. End the determinations with the pure p-xylene. 7. For our temperature work heat the water bath in ro ughly 5 to 10 degree increments and determine the flow time of the pure pxylene as before at each temperature. Make sure that the temperature is constant. The exact temperature is not important as long as it is known to  ± 0.  °C, and that the viscometer has had time to equilibrate to a new temperature. Stop at about 60 ° C. 17 Table Data 1: The flow times of each of ( methanol/water) and (toluene/p-xylene) solutions at 25oC %by volume 100% water 20% methanol 40% methanol 60% methanol 80% methanol 100% methanol Flow time (1) (s) Flow time (2) (s) Flow time (3) (s) Average Flow time (s) 100% p-xylene 20% toluene 40% toluene 60% toluene 80% toluene 100% toluene 18 The flow times of methanol at different temperature: Table Data 2: The flow times of p-xylene at different temperature. Temperature Flow time (1) (s) Flow time (2) (s) ( °C) 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 Flow time (3) (s) Average Flow time (s) 19 Viscosity Table of Results 1: Methanol, volume % 0% Methanol Methanol , weight % The flow times of a series of Water/Methanol solutions that are 0,20,40,60, 80, and 100% by volume. Average Flow time, t (sec) viscosity, ? (cP) ? ? k? t Fluidity F ? Density, ? (g/mL) ? 1 100% Water 20 40 0 density of H2O 0. 99704 0. 971 0. 944 ? of H2O 0. 8904 16. 54 34. 57 60 80 100 54. 33 76. 02 100 0. 909 0. 859 0. 788 20 Density of Methanol/Water Mixtures at 25 0C Viscosity Table of Results 1: Cont’d %by volume Densi Mole fraction ln? ? ? ln? ? ? ln? A A B B ty (g/ml ) 0. 997 0. 971 0. 944 0. 909 0. 859 0. 788 Xwater =1 Xwater= Xmethanol= Xwater= Xmethanol= Xwater= Xmethanol= Xwater= Xmethanol= Xmethanol=1 viscosity ? (cP) Fluidity F ? ? A FA ? ? B FB 100% water 20% methanol 40% methanol 60% methanol 80% methanol 100% methanol 21 Viscosity Table of Results 2: The flow times of a series of toluene/p-xylene solutions that are 0,20,40,60, 80, and 100% by volume. Density, ? (g/mL) Average Flow time, t (sec) Viscosity, ? (cP) ? k? t Toluene, volume % Fluidity F ? ? 1 0%Toluene (100% pxylene) 20% Toluene 40 60 80 100 0. 857 0. 858 0. 859 0. 859 0. 960 0. 861 Density of Toluene/p-Xylene Mixtures at 25 °C 22 Viscosity Table of Results 2: Cont’d %by volume 100% pxylene 20% toluene 40% toluene 60% toluene 80% toluene 100% toluene Densit y (g/ml ) 0. 857 0. 858 0. 859 0. 859 0. 960 0. 861 Mole fraction ln? ? ? A ln? A ? ? B ln? B viscosit y ? (cP) Fluidity F ? ? A FA ? ? B FB Xp-xylene =1 Xtoluene = Xp-xylene = Xtoluene = Xp-xylene = Xtoluene = Xp-xylene = Xtoluene = Xp-xylene = Xtoluene =1 3 Table of Results 3 : T(oC) 20 25 D (g mL-1) 0. 879 0. 857 ln ? vs. 1/T ln ? T(K) 1/T Average ? Flow time, ? ? k? t t (sec) 30 35 0. 852 0. 848 40 45 0. 943 0. 839 50 55 0. 834 0. 830 60 0. 825 24 1. Determine the viscosity coefficient for the methanol/water solutions and toluene/p-xylene solutions using equation ? ? k?. t Calculate Fluidity using equation ? 2. Calculate viscosity ? for the above solutions using equation ln? ? ? A ln? A ? ? B ln? B Calculate Fluidity using equation for all above solutions using equation F ? ? A FA ? ? B FB Data Analysis F ? 1 3. Compare the viscosity of the methanol/water mixtures to the toluene/pxylene mixtures by graphing the value of the viscosity coefficient (? ) versus the volume percentage of each mixture. Comment on the shape of the graphs. Comment on the â€Å"ideality† of the two solutions. 4. Next look at the dependence of viscosity of p-Xylene on temperature. Plot ln ? vs. 1/T and determine the activation energy and the error in the activation energy. (Use Excel to get the error in the slope and use it in a simple propagated error analysis) 25 How to cite Viscosity, Essay examples